How do vets treat skin infections in dogs

Skin Infections in Dogs: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms of Skin Infection in Dogs

Clinical signs associated with a skin infection in dogs can vary depending on the specific cause, but early manifestations of the skin condition can be similar regardless of the cause. Commonly seen symptoms are itchiness, hair loss, and generalized discomfort. Skin flaking and crusting can also be seen in some cases of skin infection.

Generalized redness, erythema, and skin inflammation can also be observed in dogs with skin infections. Untreated and severe cases will eventually emit a pungent or foul odor, and can even be fatal to highly susceptible and immunocompromised animals.

Types of Skin Infection in Dogs

Skin infection in dogs can be generally classified into 2 types: bacterial and fungal. Several bacterial and fungal species can invade and penetrate the skin barrier and cause infection in canines. Inflammation and breaks on the skin barrier can increase the risk of these microorganisms taking over, leading to an infection.

Its important to determine what type of skin infection an affected animal has because the treatment for both types is different. Medications that can control and eliminate bacterial organisms will have no effect against fungal infections, and likewise, anti-fungal medications are ineffective against bacterial skin infections.

Proper identification and diagnosis are important to have a specific and targeted treatment for your dogs skin infection.

Common Bacterial Skin Infection Causes in Dogs

Pyoderma is the most common bacterial skin infection in dogs. This bacterial skin infection is characterized by the presence of purulent (pus-like) discharge from the skin and is commonly caused by several species of bacteria.

Pyoderma in dogs is differentiated based on the tissues of the skin involved in the disease. Infections that only affect the topmost layers are called superficial pyoderma, and pyoderma that infiltrates and infects the deeper layers of the skin are called deep pyodermas. Superficial pyoderma accounts for the majority of pyoderma cases in dogs.

Most superficial pyoderma cases occur spontaneously and often present with a localized skin lesion. Loss of hair, or alopecia, is typically seen in superficial pyoderma cases, along with erythema (redness) and purulent discharge. Superficial pyoderma lesions tend to cause severe discomfort and will result in affected dogs trying to scratch or bite on the lesions, making the condition worse. The most common bacteria that causes this type of pyoderma is Staphylococcus pseudointermedius.

Deep pyodermas, on the other hand, usually have a triggering cause. Oftentimes, deep pyodermas result from untreated superficial pyodermas. Some cases of deep pyoderma are caused by the same bacterial species, but other organisms like E. coli, Proteus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. can also cause infection. Deep pyoderma cases affect the deeper portions of the hair follicle which results in erythema, hyperpigmentation, swelling, and skin ruptures. Affected areas of the skin are often painful and swollen.

Diagnosing & Treating Bacterial Skin Infections in Dogs

As mentioned, treatment for skin infections in dogs will ultimately depend on proper identification and diagnosis. The best way to diagnose skin infection in canines is through skin cytology, bacterial and/or fungal culture, and identification. Several methods like skin scraping, smear biopsy, and acetate cytology have proven effective in determining whether a skin infection is bacterial or fungal in nature. Identification of specific bacterial or fungal causes will involve culturing and isolating the bacteria taken from skin samples.

Most bacterial skin infections respond well to antibacterial medications. Localized and solitary bacterial infections can easily be treated with topical medications such as antibacterial creams and ointments. A more generalized infection will often need systemic antibacterial therapy for treatment.

Similarly, fungal infections are mostly treated with topical medications such as ointments or medicated shampoos, depending on how widespread the lesions are. Systemic antifungal medications are usually only prescribed in severe cases of fungal skin infections because of their potential liver and kidney side effects.

Read more:

Skin Infections in Dogs: Fungal & Yeast Infections

Common Skin Parasites in Dogs

My Dog Wont Stop Licking His Paws - Help!

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Yeast Infections In Dogs: What Are They, And How Can They Be Treated?

Key points

• All dogs naturally have a small amount of yeast on their skin and in their ears, but in some cases, this yeast can overgrow and cause problems
• Most yeast infections are caused by an underlying health condition, such as skin allergies or a hormone condition
• Your vet will need to run tests to work out when a yeast infection is present, and to determine what underlying health condition has caused it
• There are several different treatments available, depending on how much of your dogs body is affected.

Common in

Dogs of all ages, especially those with skin allergies

Dogs Yeast Infection Symptoms & types

Most yeast infections in dogs are caused by Malassezia pachydermatis. This is a type of yeast that is naturally found living on dogs skin in small numbers and usually causes no problems.

However, if a dogs skin is weakened for some reason, then these yeasts may start to grow out of control. This can cause irritation and inflammation in the skin, leading to the symptoms of a yeast infection. These include:

• Redness
• Itchiness
• Flaky skin
• Crusts forming over the skin
• Thickening and hardening of the skin
• A musty smell

Yeast infections are common in dogs and are usually caused by an underlying issue such as a skin allergy or hormone condition.

Yeast infections are most common on the skin of the torso (particular in the groin or armpits) or in the ear, but they can happen anywhere on the body.

However, none of these symptoms are specific to yeast infections. This means that your veterinarian will need to run tests to confirm whether a yeast infection is present.

Possible Causes

Many different health conditions can weaken the skin and lead to a yeast infection. These include:

Understanding the diagnostics

Your veterinarian will need to run some tests to diagnose your dog with a yeast infection, which involves taking samples from the infected area. They will also need to run some different tests to work out what has caused your dog to develop a yeast infection.

You must see a veterinarian if you are worried about your dog, or if the mucus in their stools doesnt resolve after a day or two.

Diagnosing the infection

Cytology

Your veterinarian can take a sample from the infected area using either a cotton swab or some sticky tape. They will then stain the sample with a special dye, place it on a slide, and examine it under a microscope. If they see large numbers of yeast cells in the sample, then it is likely that your dog has a yeast infection.

Culture

Using a sterile swab, your veterinarian can take a sample from the infected area and send it off to an external laboratory. They will attempt to grow any bacteria or yeast that are present in the sample, and then identify them so that they can be treated.

This is usually more expensive and time-consuming than using cytology but allows your veterinarian to check for any bacteria at the same time. It is common for bacterial infections and yeast infections to happen at the same time, and choosing the right antibiotic for the bacteria is very important.

Most yeast infections are caused by an underlying illness, such as a skin allergy or a hormone condition.

Diagnosing the underlying cause

There are many different tests that your veterinarian may recommend to diagnose the underlying cause, depending on exactly what illness they think is most likely. These are some of the most common ones.

Blood tests

A general blood panel can be used to look for signs of an underlying illness that might be affecting your dogs immune system and causing the yeast infection. There are also specialized blood panels available to check your dogs thyroid gland.

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings disease) requires a dynamic blood test to diagnose. This involves taking one blood sample, then giving your dog an injection of a synthetic hormone and taking another one or two blood samples some time later to measure how their body responds. Your dog will usually need to stay at the clinic while this test is being done.

Biopsy

Taking a biopsy of the skin can sometimes be useful to check for other causes of itchy skin, or to look for an underlying condition that might cause a yeast infection. This is usually done under sedation or general anesthesia and involves using a sharp punch tool to take several circular samples of skin. These are then sent to the lab for examination.

Allergy testing

If your veterinarian suspects that a skin allergy (atopy) may be the cause of your dogs yeast infection, then they may suggest some special testing for allergies. This may be a blood test, which can normally be done by your regular veterinarian, or an intradermal skin test, which is usually done by a veterinary dermatologist.

If the underlying illness is not treated, then it is likely that the yeast infection will keep coming back.

Learning About The Causes

Many different illnesses can cause your dog to develop a yeast infection. These are some of the most common ones.

Skin allergies

Skin allergies are very common in dogs, and certain breeds are at a higher risk due to their genetics. Allergies may be triggered by food, or by things in the dogs environment, such as pollen, dust mites, or fleas. They cause inflammation in the skin, which weakens it and causes it to become leaky. This makes the skin itchy and allows bacteria and yeast to overgrow, which is even more irritating.

Hypothyroidism

This is a hormone condition that is most commonly seen in middle-aged dogs, where the thyroid gland gradually stops working properly. This leads to low levels of thyroid hormones in your dogs blood, which can have effects throughout the body. This includes thinning and weakening of the skin, and also weakening of the immune system. Both of these can lead to yeast infections.

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings disease)

This is another hormone condition that is usually seen in older dogs. It is caused by a growth in your dogs pituitary gland or adrenal gland, which leads to high levels of a hormone called cortisol in your dogs body.

Cortisol has many different effects, including weakening the immune system and making the skin thinner and more fragile. These changes make it more likely that your dog will develop a yeast infection.

Scaling disorders

These are a group of genetic conditions where the outer layer of the skin does work properly. This leads to flaky skin, and sometimes an oiliness, too. These changes mean that dogs are more likely to develop skin infections, which includes yeast infections.

A weak immune system

Many different serious illnesses will weaken your dogs immune system, meaning they are no longer able to fight off infections properly. These illnesses include:

• Cancers
• Kidney disease
• Liver disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Heart disease

Yogurt is not effective at treating yeast infections in dogs. In fact, many dogs are lactose intolerant, so feeding them yogurt may cause an upset stomach.

Best Treatment Options

The best kind of treatment for a yeast infection will depend on where the infection is, and on how much of the dogs body is affected.

Ear drops

Medicated ear drops are often the best treatment for yeast infections in the ear. These drops usually contain an antibiotic, an antifungal (which will kill the yeast), and a steroid medication to soothe the inflammation in the ear.

These treatments are usually very effective and have few side effects as long as the dogs eardrum is intact.

Ointment

If your dog has a small patch of skin that is affected by a yeast infection, then your veterinarian may prescribe a cream or ointment for you to use. This may just contain an antifungal medication, or it may also contain an antibiotic and a steroid, similar to the ear drops mentioned above.

You should always wear gloves when applying these kinds of ointments to your dogs skin.

Shampoo

If large areas of your dogs skin are affected by a yeast infection, your vet may recommend a medicated shampoo for you to use. These usually have to be applied and they stay on the dogs skin for a few minutes as a lather before being rinsed off.

Initially, these may need to be applied quite often, but in the longer term, they can be used once every few weeks to prevent an infection from coming back.

Oral medication

For serious or long-term yeast infections, your veterinarian may recommend an oral anti-fungal treatment. These may be tablets, capsules, or liquids, and may be given every day or only a couple of times a week.

These treatments can be very effective, but many antifungal medications can affect the liver, especially if used at high doses or for a long time. Your veterinarian will do regular blood tests to check your dogs liver function, both before and after they start the medication.

Conclusion

Yeast infections can be irritating to our dogs. They are often caused by an underlying health condition and may keep coming back if this condition is not treated properly, especially in the summer season. There are many different treatment options available, but most infections can be managed without the need for oral medications.